Morality and Federal Funding Associated with Embryonic and Adult Stem Cell Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 590 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? What is your personal moral standpoint on stem cell research? In today`s society, it is hard to differentiate between morally correct and politically correct, the line is often blurred in view. The intent of this research is to further scientific advancements but the price to pay is stepping across a couple personal boundaries. Angela Campbell wrote an interesting article for the American Journal of Law and Medicine in Boston outlining the biggest controversial topic of today pointing out, Worldwide, legislators and policy makers have struggled to craft meaningful and ethical parameters for the regulation of this new and evolving area of biotechnology (Campbell, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Morality and Federal Funding Associated with Embryonic and Adult Stem Cell Research" essay for you Create order This statement states a grave dilemma on ever resolving past the issue and finding a solution for technological advances. While very few of the following points hit on the federal funding issues most citizens have put forth more energy on pushing morals rather than funding. Many of the clinical trials discussed were ran all over the world and outline many different researchers ideas on stem cell research and their data findings and research methodology on this growing scientific exploration. Citizens and the government are at a standstill on whether to morally agree upon and federally fund stem cell research even though the research can potentially kill unborn embryos and is putting the government at a split decision on supporting the issue. There are many types of ways to perform stem cell research. The first study goes over a popular way of getting stem cells, mesenchymal transplantation. Blanc started a study which was a prospective registration study to include all patients consecutively treated with mesenchymal stem cells in the participating centres of the European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation mesenchymal stem cell consortium (Blanc, 2008). This type of treatment is known to help people with GVHD who had trouble with other stem cell transplants. There are many ways to try to intake stem cells as shown in the study most patients received ciclosporin combined with either four doses of intravenous methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil. In patients receiving cord-blood transplantation, ciclosporin was combined with prednisolone. Recipients of haemopoietic stem cells from unrelated donors were treated with antithymocyte globulin, antilymphocyte globulin, or alemtuzumab (Blanc, 2008). In this instance where there are many patients receiving different versions of stem cells there are many different types of results such as 92 infusions of mesenchymal stem cells were given; 27 patients had one infusion, while 28 had two or more (figure 1, table 3). Of the 28 patients treated with multiple infusions, 15 received cells derived from two or more donors. No patients had acute side-effects either during or after infusion; and none have had late side-effects so far. Median time from transplantation of haemopoietic stem cells to infusion of mesenchymal stem cells was 103 days (Blanc, 2008). Transplantation can be one of the hardest ways to extract stem cells and insert into the patient, but this way of research is growing and having outstanding results. This study shows a lot of hope for a positive outlook of stem cell research because none of the patients had side effects or late showing side effects like other injections might show after a certain amount of time. Study two goes over tissue transplant used to attempt to treat Parkinsons disease. There are a large number of participants willing to participate in stem cell research studies. For instance, more than 350 patients worldwide have received fetal ventral mesencephalic (FVM) tissue transplants in various open-label and in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with variable results. In one placebo-controlled clinical trial, some improvements in all 10 subjects 60 years of age was observed. 1 The other clinical trial failed to meet its clinical end point, with no overall marked improvement in the motor features of 34 patients with Parkinson's disease (Master, 2007). With clinical trials there is always a chance that the results may completely fail. There was a study done by Master where In two clinical cases, FVM tissue transplantation has also led to a 70% beneficial reduction or full cessation of parkinsonian drugs. Although several studies show some improveme nt in motor behavior in participants after surgery, long-term assessment shows that such treatments are not fully effective in all patients with Parkinson's disease, with 34 subjects showing no overall improvement after transplantation. Two Side effects such as the development of postoperative dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movements and postures) have also been reported in 56.5% of patients who were taken off drugs and are a major concern Master, 2007). Most patients had a positive experience and succeeded in the clinical trial than patients that saw little to no improvement. This third study goes over injection of stem cells and the difference between intracoronary (i.c) injection and intramyocardial (i.m) injection and their separate advantages. Mathiasien performed a study on each way to transplant stem cells and there was [A]n open, nonrandomized study involving autologous BMMNCs injected intracoronary (ic.) in ten ST-elevation-MI (STEMI) patients demonstrated increased LVEF, enhanced LV systolic function and reduced scar tissue after 3 months [71], and the same group recently reported 5-year data on an open, nonrandomized study involving 62 ic. treated patients with MI The positive effects found in the first study were reproduced and found stable after 5 years follow-up. In addition, there was improved exercise capacity and reduced mortality (Mathiasien, 2009). These results are a big improvement from other stem cell injections especially the high rate of patients standards after the follow up. Other studies using im. injection for delivery have used the NOGA XP system for mapping of the LV and to guide the injections, usually in the border area between normal and dead endocardial tissue [83]. Although im. injection of skeletal myoblasts has been demonstrated to have a proarrythmogenic effect [48,69,70], im. injection of BM stem cells and angiogenic genes have been reported to be safe without arrhythmias or death (Mathiasien, 2009). These studies with i.m. injection is positive as well but the i.c. study seems to have more substantial evidence and a better life span after treatment. Most people believe The optimal delivery method of the cells to the myocardium has yet to be determined. For MSCs the im. delivery method appears to be preferable to the ic. method, at least until reports on microvascular occlusions, owing to the rather large size of MSCs, have been investigated further (Mathiasien, 2009). There may be better long-term effects from i.c. but in the i.m. study there are more scientists involved in this injection techn ique and more scientist using this method. Along with each way to perform stem cell research come many potential life long risks. Morally, many people are concerned with the destruction of embryos and the many risks associated with stem cell research. The many risks that come with stem cell research is why this topic is such a huge controversial topic today. Many people must weigh out the option and make sure in their heart and mind that the reward of scientific advancement is a big enough gain to possibly lose a life. Aside from the scientific research, many people form their own opinions to not let stem cell research continue to be an afterthought for research but stand up to a flawed system. Scientist time and time again have said stem cell research to be dangerous and not always succeed. Many scientists attempt using embryonic stem cell and The embryos used in this kind of research are typically donated by individuals or couples who conceived them by in- vitro fertilization (IVF) in the context of receiving assisted reproduction treatment, but who no longer need or want them for such a purpose (Snead, 2011 ). The main controversy is over is it okay to destroy a human embryo in order to gain important stem cells for extensive research that can help the world of science. This research can help yield regenerative substance and help bioethics make technological advances such as: cloning, embryonic stem cells and possibly immortality. While many embryos in such clinics get used and create life Hundreds of thousands of embryos stored in the U.S. in invitro fertilization clinics will not be used for reproductive purposes and will eventually be destroyed. I believe that it is ethical to use these extra embryos for research that could save lives when they are freely donated for that express purpose (Sharockman, 2010). The question of morality is answered by using untouched and unneeded embryos that, without science would be destroyed anyways. With a new age advancement in stem cell research there are many unknowns such as short- and long-term lifelong risks. With any research there can always be risks but with stem cell research such manipulated stem cells might integrate into unintended tissues, differentiate or de-differentiate into unintended cell types, or fail to function appropriately (Lo, 2008). These stem cells can attach to other organs and unintentionally fail the research. With risks comes rewards and stem cell research can tremendously change the way we see untreatable diseases and give patients answers and hope with their disease. With stem cell research being relatively new in the sense of being able to research the positive and negatives towards patients. One major disease that can be possibly cured is patients that have issues with GVHD bone marrow stem cells injection can possibly cure this disease. In this instance Blanc describes that Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow might be a safe and effective treatment for patients with severe, acute GVHD who do not respond to corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies (Blanc, 2008). People who have an irritation from one type of stem cell might take better to another type. Stem cells taken from bone marrow have had a better chance of helping then allogenic stem cell transplantation, which is stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Another major disease that can possibly be cured from stem cell research is heart disease. There have been many Clinical studies on stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration (which) have shown significant improveme nts in ventricular pump function, ventricular remodeling, myocardial perfusion, exercise potential and clinical symptoms compared with conventionally treated control groups (Mathiasen, 2009). These studies can change the meaning of heart issues and breaking the wall of no return. Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation hit a high standard regarding treating autoimmune diseases. One treatment process explained treating someone with an autoimmune disease and talks further about One of the first diseases to be cured by this approach was aplastic anaemia the prototype haematological autoimmune disease [64]. A large proportion of these patients have now survived for over 20 years and 90% of them have returned to work [15] an important gold standard by which allogeneic HSCT in non-haematological autoimmune diseases will be measured (Moore, 2001). When working with stem cell research and specifically transplantation there are many risk such as: disease from the body that was left over or disease from the stem cell being transplanted. Hitting a Gold standard in any way is an achievement but in the future of medicine it is important to hit milestones so that scientist are sure of releasing information to the world to be tested. There are many ways that stem cell therapy can help many diseases and some more than stem cell injection. With many diseases running rampant there is always hope for clinical trial patients and their potential treatment from stem cell research. The many diseases that can potentially be cured from stem cell research would help the future of medical medicine tremendously and give people hope in a cure. Main wrote a great report on innovative medicine stating: We need to provide opportunities for innovative medicine on compassionate grounds but prevent over-enthusiasts from providing unproven and potentially unsafe procedures (Main, 2014). There are many opportunities available for stem cell research and it is so important to find a treatment for many life altering diseases but vise versa also important to keep patients safe and aware of the bad outcomes. Some research can take anywhere from one to five years and maybe more to see a true difference. Many articles are written everyday reporting the hope for the future of medicine. Some of These reports have led millions of people worldwide to hope that regenerative medicine is about to revolutionize biomedicine: either through transplantation of cells grown in the laboratory, o r by finding ways to stimulate a patients intrinsic stem cells to repair diseased and damaged organs (Main, 2014). The impending future for medicine includes in some way shape or form stem cells to change the way we tackle diseases. There are many ways to utilize stem cells. As Main stated either way the world looks at disease, stem cell research mixed with technological advances, will change the future of medicine forever. The treatment of diseases using stem cell research plays a big part in whether the federal government will be involved with funding stem cell research. Before looking to future federal funding we first must look at the last couple decades at the history of federal funding and this will reveal what the future holds for government participation. Federal funding is more important than most people think about because without money, medical advances will not exist and continue to grow in the future. There have been many bans on federal funding and the zero effects on private clinics. Looking into the history of the government participation mainly started In 1997 President Clinton issued an executive order banning the use of federal funds for stem cell research. However, such a ban has little effect on private fertility clinics. For twenty years, the federal government has refused to provide funds for research on IVF, but that has not stopped the hundreds of privately-financed IVF clinics from creating tens of thousands of babies (Annas, 2002). This had zero affect on private fertility clinics and scientist whom decided to use their perso nal funds to continue research. When these scientists want to personally fund research and decide to practice stem cell research how they want the government still has control over how they go forth performing research. There are many people that feel this ban should be practiced by all states and Eleven states have laws regulating research and/or experimentation on conceptuses, embryos, fetuses or unborn children that use broad enough language to apply to early embryos. It should be noted, however, that these bans would not apply once the techniques are no longer considered to be research and instead are thought of as standard practice (Annas, 2002). There is a fine line to be drawn between research to ban and practice to be appreciated. Federal funding does not seem to hold water when it comes differentiating between the two. Politics have governed stem cell research more than science. The new president has the most control over what happens with further research. Now we must look at the current presidencies ideas on lifting the ban on embryonic stem cell research. With our current presidential candidate, we must get his views and hope to get answers for the future of stem cell research. Trump has made many statements about stem cell research Trump himself has said he opposes abortion; a related issue Momentum has shifted to experimentation with other kinds of stem cells not derived from embryos. Artificially created stem cells called induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells, act like embryonic cells, but are created from adult cells, such as skin cells (Fikes,2016). Trump has made many stances that he is against abortion and that is why he is on the side of transforming stem cells for science but using adult stem cells instead of embryonic. On the other side of the world they have different stances on whether the government should be involved. The U.S. is behind when it comes to stem cell research behind other countries. We as a country have a long way to go in healthcare before reaching other rising countries. When interviewers talked with members of the Brazil government they stated, Members of this stem cell network were disappointed when their funding was discontinued in 2005, but a new network, the National Network of Cell Therapy, was funded in 2008, showing a renewed government commitment to stem cell research (McMahon, 2010). Other countries around the world have different point of views on stem cell research and whether the governments involvement is crucial. Federal funding has a huge potential to help push stem cell research in the right direction and help to change the world of modern medicine. Whether we can move along towards research or away from it a decision needs to be made on if embryonic stem cell research is morally sound and deserves to be federally funded, so we can move forward as a whole and make technologically advances for the better. There are many ways to perform stem cell research such as transplantation, injection and many more as the years and technology advances. The risk of injury and death in any technological greatness is almost always a guarantee. There are many severe illnesses that stem cell research can treat and cure with years to come. The question of federal funding needs to be revised and made concrete, so the next presidential candidate can not create a ban or bring down a ban without permission. Federal funding may be a bigger element to the growth of research than most people put into question. How are we supposed to move forward in research if the next president will swoop in and change the rules and ban certain research from continuing. Originally in 1977 we were supposed to move forward, then Clinton came into office and set up bans on research. What will the future bring if the next president that comes into office every four years has a different view and different political side on whether to push towards or away from medical advances due to political and moral thoughts on abortion and the human body? A big part of continuing to federal fund research is for people who cannot get it in the states go across the border and risk being botched and new diseases. Federal funding will help to lower the risks of crossing the boarder for stem cell research and bringing back brand-new undiagnosed diseases to this country. These statements above should improve the decisions or at least resolve the issue associated with the morality and federal funding of stem cell research.

Analysis Of The Poem The Wife Of Bath Essay - 2305 Words

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Multimedia (1653 words) Essay Example For Students

Multimedia (1653 words) Essay MultimediaMultimediaMultimedia, or mixed-media, systems offerpresentations that integrateeffects existing in a variety of formats,including text, graphics,animation, audio, and video. Such presentationsfirst became commerciallyavailable in very primitive form in theearly 1980s, as a result of advancesthat have been made in digital compressiontechnology particularly thedifficult area of image compression. Multimediaonline services areobtainable through telephone/computeror television links, multimediahardware and software exist for personalcomputers, networks, the internet,interactive kiosks and multimedia presentationsare available on CD-ROMs andvarious other mediums. The use of multimediain our society has it benefitsand its drawbacks, most defiantly. Someof the more computer-related uses ofmultimedia, such as electronic publishing,the internet, and computers ineducation will be discussed in depth thoughtthis paper. Electronic publishing is the publishingof material in a computer-accessiblemedium, such as on a CD-ROM or on theInternet. In a broader sense of theterm it could also include paper productspublished with the aid of a desktoppublishing program, or any form of printingthat involves the use of acomputer. Reference works became availablein the mid-1980s both in CD-ROM format andonline. Increasingly, in the 1990s, magazines,journals, books, andnewspapers have become available in anelectronic format, and some areappearing in that format only. Companiesthat publish technical manuals toaccompany their other products have alsobeen turning to electronicpublishing. Electronic books have been recentlyintroduced to the world as a whole. Thisnew concept is the use of internet orotherwise computer technology toelectronically convert books to a digital,readable format viewed on atelevision set or computer screen. Thiswould most likely be done by scanningin individual pages in a book, arrangethem in orderly fashion, and haveusers be able to cycle back and forthbetween the photo-identical pages. Thismethod would be very quick, and very easyto accomplish- that is- scanningpages as opposed to re-typing millionsof words is preferred. This brings usto another method in electronic book production-the interactive method. Indigital format, the books pages can onlybe viewed, just like a book. If areader would want to take notes from abook, he/she would have to write downthe notes by hand, or would be forcedto photo-copy the page(s). If the bookwas typed out entirely as would be doneby an electronic word processor suchas Microsoft Word, users would greatlybene fit. The ability for the computerto recognize the words on the screen asactual words as opposed to merebitmaps is often unrealized to the computernon-familiar. This recognitionallows the page to be edited with completeinteractivity and ease- again likeMicrosoft Word. Books can be updated orcorrected in real time, withouthaving to re-upload corrected pages, orcompensate for unalignment in wordsand page breaks. Perhaps the most beneficialto the user is theinteractivity- the ability to interactwith the words in the book. Byhighlighting letters on the page, copyingthem, and pasting them in personalclipboards or other word processing programs,the tedious task of note-takingcan be eliminated. This idea, on the otherhand, can raise issues with theauthor and publisher of the book. Plagiarism,already a problem, would runwild in this area. Users would theoreticallybe able to copy entire books ormagazines to their personal files, andbe able to use them as their ownreports or writings. Addition ally, theability to view a book and itscontents at no charge obviously will notagree with some publishers. Thisalso brings up the idea of charging peoplefor time online. Users could becharged money for use of electronic books/magazineson a time basis. This,however, will not go over well in thepublic domain. We would rather take onthe trouble of taking manual notes thanbe charged for something that isotherwise free at a library. Animal Farm - Compared To The Russian Revolution EssaySince their introduction in schoolsin the early 1980s computers andcomputer software have been increasinglyaccessible to students andteachersin classrooms, computer labs,school libraries, and outside ofschool. By the mid-1990s there were about4.5 million computers in elementaryand secondary schools throughout the UnitedStates. Schools buy Macintosh andIBM-compatible computers almost exclusively(though mostly Macs, dang it!!),although nearly half of their computersare based on older designs such asthe Apple IIe. Students spend on the averagean hour per week using schoolcomputers. Though this depends on thestudentComputers can be used for learningand teaching in school in at least fourways. First, learning involves acquiringinformation. Computers- especiallylinked to CD-ROMs and video disks thatelectronically store thousands ofarticles, visual images, and sounds- enablestudents to search the electronicequivalent of an encyclopedia or a videolibrary to answer their ownquestions or simply to browse throughfascinating and visually appealinginformation. Second, learning involves the developmentof skills like reading andmathematics- skills that are greatly learnedon computers in basic forms. Software called computer-assisted instruction,or CAI, asks questions tostudents and compares each answer withthe single correct answer- a verybasic program. Typically, such programsrespond to wrong answers with anexplanation and another, similar problem. Sometimes CAI programs are embeddedin an entertaining game that holds studentinterest and yet keeps studentattention on academic work. Most CAI programscover quite limited material,but some larger-scale reading and mathematicsprograms have been developed. Third, learning involves the developmentof a wide variety of analyticunderstandings. Computers help studentsreach these goals through softwaresuch as word processors , graphing andconstruction tools, electronicpainting and CAD programs, music compositionprograms, simulations of socialenvironments, and programs that collectdata from science laboratoryequipment and aid in analysis. Finally, a large topic in learningis communicating with othersfinding andengaging an audience with ones ideasand questions. Several types ofcomputer software can be used in schoolsfor communications: desktoppublishing and image-editing softwarefor making professional-quality printedmaterials, computer programming languagessuch as BASIC or Pascal or C forcreating interactive computer exercises,and telecommunications software forexchanging ideas at electronic speedswith students in other classrooms allover the world. The computer in education can posegreat benefits to the student, but to alimited extent. The computer must be usedas a tool, and not as a teacher. Itshould be thought of as an educationalassistant (in the school setting) andnot a game machine. Computers have unlimitedpossibilities, and we shouldincorporate them into our schools. Butin doing this, we must realize thatcomputers should not be the main focus,education and the quality of theteachers should be. For any case, withoutsolid teaching and instruction,computers and other such resources becomeuseless.

INDUSTRY STUDIES Essays - Educational Psychology, Pedagogy

INDUSTRY STUDIES QUESTION 1. (a) Student -centred learning could be described as student-independence learning. The student has to some degree the ability to choose the time and place of study, the methods and order of studies and can vary his pace of study as well as the length of his studies to suit his needs. Student-centred learning puts the students needs to a large extent first. Having a learner-centred approach gives students options in the pace of study, the method of delivery of courses (e.g satellite, mixed mode, tutorial support classes), order of study, composition of courses to suit individual needs. Open by dictionary definition means: unconfined, without barriers, accessible. By broadening student input to learning under the guidance of teachers and the industry assisting students to make informed decisions the system is ?opened' and can provide the following benefits: Access is no longer confined to a narrowly defined group The time and place and mode of study are determined by the student The student knows progressively how he is going and what his weak points are (competency-based assessment). The student largely determines what is studied and how learning occurs as he is given more learning responsibility. (Student is urged to: seek out reference material, ask further questions, relate principles to his circumstances, try different styles of answering questions) Recognition of prior learning both as industry experience and other outside studies will enhance Oten courses as feedback from student to teacher in answering questions will refine existing courses. Student ?centred learning must be incorporated to remove traditional barriers and hence allow an Open Learning environment to flourish. The more a student becomes involved in his learning process the more likely he is to stick at it. Open learning is about being available to everyone no matter what his or her disposition! (b) There are many factors, which will determine to what extent student-centred learning can be achieved within an institution. The material being studied- Many courses requiring licensing, the meeting of industry standards or courses leading to tertiary qualifications such as the Higher School Certificate offer limited open learning possibilities. Industry- The willingness of industry to be more flexible so that curriculum requirements can be met by a variety of pathways. The teachers- their ability to guide, nurture and advise students on appropriate matters such as: urging students to seek out reference material, prompting additional responses from students by asking questions additional to the assignment, communicating well with students to the point where specific principles of a lesson can be related to the specific circumstances of the unit. Resources- Student-centred learning will inevitably require a higher ratio of teachers to students (as compared to face to face teaching). These teachers have to be available in the numbers required and be suitably qualified. Existing courses- Many of Oten's courses are adaptations of courses originally designed for face-to-face teaching. Some will require mixed mode delivery because of either the complexity of a particular subject or certain aids required to complete a particular course. (e.g Networked computers may be required for certain computer strands) Enrolments- Obviously to fully open up courses it would be ideal for many students to enroll for courses at any time throughout the year. This however would make forward planning as to staff requirements and the availability of facilities such as examination centres, tutorial classes etc virtually impossible. Students- A high degree of student-centered learning requires students with a high level of training and teachers with a high level of expertise so that students can be guided into making informed decisions. As the object of Open learning is to make courses more accessible then students with varying levels of expertise, experience and training will be undertaking these courses. By accepting such a variety of students the degree of student centred learning will be limited by the students ability to take on board such principles and the skills of the teachers in developing and encouraging these principles. QUESTION 2. (a) Here are as I see it some of the major differences in tools, aids and techniques used in face-to-face and external teaching. Face-to-face teaching Tangible items can be shown and demonstrated in class (e.g firefighting equipment, smoke detectors, fire installation panels) to reinforce learning. Blackboards, whiteboards, overheads and other visual aids can be used to to clarify principles. Feedback is rapid.

A Calculating Astronaut free essay sample

I sported a vibrant orange suit and a smile that resembled a waxing crescent moon. Authentic NASA patches adorned my chest and arms. Tightening my watch and securing a flashlight around my neck, I was as official as an eight-year-old astronaut could be. Although my costume lacked a helmet, my official NASA baseball cap ensured that no one would mistake me for a race-car driver. Every moment was a chance to get more candy; I could not waste time explaining my costume. I clutched my durable yellow pumpkin bag, which I hypothesized would fit 800 pieces of candy. Mission control, I mean my mom, had donated three sweets to the haul already. I proudly strode up to my next-door neighbor’s house and knocked with authority. As I waited for Mr. Tumulo to answer, I pulled out my top-secret mission briefing and checked the first house off the list. Before leaving my house at 5:59 p. We will write a custom essay sample on A Calculating Astronaut or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page m., I had planned my Halloween route. Assuming that it would take roughly 40 seconds for adults to answer the door, 16 seconds for me to explain my costume, and 32 more seconds for the traditional Halloween inquiry, each house would take roughly two minutes. Staying on schedule would enable me to reach all 53 houses in the two hours allotted for trick-or-treating, with 14 minutes to spare. Orbiting counterclockwise from my house would limit the uphill climbs. Because of the rough terrain in my neighborhood, I planned on leaping up the hills like Neil Armstrong did as he made his first steps on the moon. Mr. Tumulo took exactly 42 seconds to answer my knock, and he immediately deposited a flashy cellophane bag filled with Halloween treasures into my pack. The night proceeded as planned, despite underestimating how gravity would affect my baggy pants, which slowed me down considerably. After finally returning to mission control, I emptied my tote and my dad’s pockets onto the dining room table, and the real work commenced. From one of my many pockets, I pulled out my notepad and began to record my findings. Although the 14 mini Starburst packets beckoned me, in the name of science and mathematics, I had to complete the mission before I tasted victory. I tallied each and every piece of candy, then created a bar graph to visually represent the success of my collecting. (Note: I left the Almond Joys and other dark chocolate candies out of my calculations because I let my dad have those.) Although I have not been trick-or-treating in many years, my methodical persona remains. Working meticulously, managing time efficiently, communicating well with others, and thinking analytically are ingrained in my DNA. Instead of planning my October 31st mission, I now plan quarterly events for the Latin Club. I traded in candy-cataloguing for graphing and analyzing how my school may benefit from reusable trays in place of styrofoam ones. Instead of seeking to educate my neighbors about my costume, I build relationships with new students at my school as a Student Ambassador. An engineer applies science and math to solve problems. Viewing the world through the lens of a mathematical equation, engineers seek to explain it by applying the scientific method. The methodologies employed in my youth helped me sharpen my ability to make inquiries and search for solutions. As I think about the traits that define me, my precision and determination in the face of challenges illustrate that, truly, I was born to be an engineer.

Concept cars essays

Concept cars essays Concept Cars: Automobiles for the Future No one knows where automobiles are going but concept cars provide us with a small window to look into their future. Different automakers use concept cars in various ways and they all devote a lot of time and money toward developing their cars of the future. The first thing an automaker does is decide what kind of market (what age group, what style of driving) it should target to gain the most customers. For instance, Ford builds mainly vehicles which target families with kids. Every year Ford comes out with new concepts appealing to families. Examples might include four doors, room for a dog, and the ability to go anywhere. Ferrari, on the other hand, builds cars for the rich auto enthusiast who likes to drive fast and race. Ferrari may come out with one new concept every year targeting this extreme group of car enthusiasts. All automakers create concept cars but they may explore different ideas and markets. In the beginning car design was simple. All cars had four wheels, a couple seats, a motor, and a steering wheel. Henry Ford offered his model T in any color you want, as long as its black. Today creating cars has become more complicated. Not only must a car look good but it also must be safe and fuel-efficient. Most of this pressure comes from consumers, but they arent the only ones who have to be pleased. The United States Congress pushes auto makers also, but more along the lines of safety and fuel economy (Butterworth 1). They dont really care how it looks. Beyond meeting the demands of consumers and Congress, car designers must also make actually building the car easy on their car engineers. For example, some Mercedes Benz models have everything smoothly bolted in from the engine to the suspension, instead of putting together individual pieces in an assembly line. This takes a lot of time and in the car building process time...

Major Theories of Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major Theories of Organizational Behavior - Essay Example In this paper we would discuss the ways the major organizational behavior theories have helped, guide the way for managers in the complex and changing global business environment. The principal purpose of organizational structure is one of control: to control the way people coordinate their actions to achieve organizational goals and to control the means used to motivate people to achieve these goals. At Microsoft (Dumaine, 1990), for example, the control problems facing Bill Gates were how to coordinate scientists' activities to make the best use of their talents and how to reward scientists when they developed innovative products. Gate's solution was to place scientists in small, self-contained teams and to reward them with stock in Microsoft based on team performance. For any organization, an appropriate structure is one that facilitates effective responses to problems of coordination and motivation - problems that can arise for any number of environmental, technological, or human reasons. As organizations grow and differentiate, the structure likewise evolves. Organizational structure can be managed and changed through the process of organizational design. At the same time that organizational structure is evolving, so is organizati

Instruction on how to deliver a presentation about a formal proposal Coursework

Instruction on how to deliver a presentation about a formal proposal. List all steps - Coursework Example The mentors and mentees must be identified and paired with each other. The HR department should also decide on the number of participants who will take part in the project. After the identification of the participants, the guidelines will be discussed and the schedule of mentoring activities will be laid out. Furthermore, the timeline and duration of the program will be communicated. Subsequent to presenting the objectives and timeline of the program, the topics and activities that will be included will be discussed. The implementation strategies will be proposed. After acquainting the audience with the program, to further emphasize its importance, a brief discussion of the benefits that may be obtained from the mentoring activities will be conveyed. Experiences of other organizations with similar programs will be shared. Finally, the presentation will end by stating that a feedback mechanism must be employed to monitor the progress of the participants. Progress reports will be required during specified review periods (Miller, n.d.). Moreover, at the end of the presentation, it must be emphasized that there is no standard mentoring program. It should be tailored to the needs of the organization and the employees. It should be flexible enough to adapt to the needs of those involved in the

Applied Health Prospective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applied Health Prospective - Essay Example 94). In effect, commoditization is about making money or profit off of body parts, organs, and tissues for organ transplantation or, in some instances, for research. It is about treating body parts as if they were commodities separate from the human body. The statistical figures which relate to the commoditization of human life, especially on organs trade are not complete because the trade is considered illegal and unethical in all territories. Nevertheless, in order to give a general picture of this issue, the World Health Organization estimates that about 50,000 kidney transplants are carried out each year and about 15,000 of these transplants are live donors (GTZ, 2004, p. 11). Some of these transplants would come from relatives, and the rest would be from unrelated donors. These unrelated donors are the cause for concern in the commoditization of human organs because some are illegal transactions. Thousands of illegal transplants seem to be occurring with each year in different c ountries like Japan, Italy, the US, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Peru, and South Africa (GTZ, 2004, p. 11). One of the concerns in the organs trade is that the sellers are often coerced by creditors or by their poor stations in life to sell their organs. However, studies have revealed that organ sellers actually receive less than what their body parts are actually worth. Surrogacy, when carried through proper channels, is not as controversial as commercial surrogacy especially when the act of carrying a child is not done as a gestational carrier, but done with one’s own egg. This practice seems to be growing especially with the access to developing nations now easily available. Once again, no actual statistics seem to be available for commercial surrogacy; however, estimates indicate that this practice has doubled in the last few years (Gathia, 2008). India is one of the nations highly involved in commercial surrogacy with clients mostly coming from western developed nations. Thi s is the current scenario in the commoditization of human life and body parts. The acts of donating organs or of surrogacy are normally viable medical options; however, when these acts are now done with price tags, the human body then becomes a product or a commodity. This paper shall now discuss in more specific details the different activities involved in the commoditization of human life. It shall also consider the impact of such activities, the ethical aspects of such activities, including the positive, the negative, and the alternate views on the commoditization of human life. Body Common practices in the commoditization of human life, tissues, and body parts The most common practices in the commoditization of human life involve the following: organ selling, commercial surrogacy, and human experimentation. In some circles, stem cell research is considered a part of the commoditization of human life; however, since this practice is not yet widespread, it shall not be included as yet in this discussion. Organ selling involves the act of acquiring organs for a price. Most common are kidney organ sales from developing nations with buyers coming from wealthy developed nations (Rohter, 2004, p. 2). This practice has been criticized for its ethical and physiological impact on sellers who are often taken advantage by rich clients and by middlemen, the latter transacting in the buyer’s behalf and in the process, profiting from such sale. This practice is illegal in

Realism And Naturalism In The Literary World English Literature Essay

Realism And Naturalism In The Literary World English Literature Essay When people think of what is real, that often think of what is natural. When people think of what is natural, they often think of something real. However, these statements do not apply to literature. Although Realism and Naturalism seem as if they should be the same exact concepts, they have completely different meanings in the literary world. The movement towards Realism began after the Romanticism period when people became more interested in stories that could relate to their everyday lives. From there, Naturalism was invented. Realism is writing about something that is real, or possible. It has everyday people, ordinary scenarios, and familiar language to that culture. Although Naturalism captures some of the same ideas, it is often much darker and filled with a more Gothic feel of literary devices. The Death of Ivan Ilyich is a great example of a literary work from the Realism era. A work that describes the later movement to Naturalism is The Lost Phoebe. By contrasting these two examples, I believe you can identify the differences between Realism and Naturalism. The Death of Ivan Ilyich is the story of a man who has worked his way into a high social standing, married a good wife, and started what seems to be the perfect family. When a fatal illness takes over, Ivan starts to see himself change not only physically, but mentally as well. This story is a piece from the Realism movement. All the characters are living normal, ordinary lives. What seems to be the perfect family to outsiders is not so perfect on the inside. Everything that revolves around this piece could be true, or real, for other families. It was created to make a social change, often a principle of Realism. The idea was to use their own methods to reveal the cruelty of the society that many people, like Ivan Ilyich, take such pride in. In the beginning of the story, Mr. Ilyichs coworkers are all discussing his death and the effects that his death could cause. He had been ill for some weeks with an illness said to be incurable. His post had been kept open for him, but there had been conjectures that in case of his death Alexeev might receive his appointment, and that either Vinnikov or Shtabel would succeed Alexeev. The people that he spent most of his time with in a single day did not care about the fact he was ill or hurting in pain. The only thing that came to mind is how they could better themselves. This is a problem that we see in society from the past and now; it is a real idea yet told in a fiction setting. Another sad but true, realistic idea that is discussed in the story is marriage and love. Ivan Ilyich did not marry his wife for love. Several people tend to not marry for this reason and find other comfort areas like finance and success. To say that Ivan Ilyich married because he fell in love with Praskovya Fedorovna and found that she sympathized with his views of life would be as incorrect as to say that he married because his social circle approved of the match. Another point of view this story steps on is selfishness. Ivan had tried to give his only daughter the best possible life, even if it meant not being home most of the nights. When he becomes ill, she has no way to show love for her father because of the other things that are more important in her life. Their daughter came in in full evening dress, her fresh young flesh exposed, strong, healthy, evidently in love, and impatient with illness, suffering, and death, because they interfered with her happiness. Its hard to think from my own point of view how someone could act in such a way towards their own family; the Realism of this story is that scenarios like this happen everyday. Someone can pinpoint how the struggles in this mans life could be similar to what someone else is going through and how it could also correct us in the way that we live our own. The major point of view revolves around his life and the decisions he made on how to live. It was his choice and when death came upon him, he could decide if he made the right ones. In the story of The Lost Phoebe, an elderly man and his wife live together with the little money they have and they little food they can put on the table. Even though circumstances are not the best, happiness seems to come from just them being together. In the period of Naturalism, many of the ideas were focused around characters of a lower rank in life. It believed that life is deterministic; man is not a free agent, but he is an animal motivated by his chemistry, heredity, and environment of circumstances. Henry, the old man, seemed to find motivation in the love for his wife Phoebe. The ideas of this literary work still speculate around realism including original language of ordinary characters, but in this work, it seems to be a darker story with a semi-twisted happy ending. Henry had been married to the love of his life for 48 years. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond o f. Henry always accused his dear wife of misplacing his belongings even though they most likely had no importance at all; other than that, their lives together were peaceful and sympathetic. Phoebe, Wheres my corn-knife? You aint never minded to let my things alone no more. Now you hush, Henry. If you dont, Ill leave yuh. Ill git up and walk out of here someday, and then where would y be? Y aint got anybody but me to look after yuh, so yuh just behave yourself. His wife always knew how to calm him and take control of the situation. Not long afterwards, Henrys wife passed away. Im sure he felt almost as if the whole world around him had fallen apart. He had not order to his life and the only thing that kept him motivated was Phoebe. Up into this part of the story, everything can relate to Realism. On the night that Henry spots the bright light of the moon, he takes a turn toward the unknown and becomes eager to fins his long lost Phoebe. Henry somehow took a illness that destroyed th e memory of his wifes death. He finally makes the decision to set out and search for her. He remembered her threat had always been, Yuhll not find me it I ever leave yuh. I guess I kin git some place where yuh cant find me. Henrys desperate attempt to find Phoebe lasted for seven long years going door to door and looking under every rock and in every hole until it eventually came to an end. Of a sudden there came to him now for the first time in many years the full charm of her girlish figure as he had known it in boyhood, the pleasing, sympathetic smile, the brown hair, the blue sash she had once worn about her waist at a picnic, her gay, graceful movements. He walked around the base of the tree, straining with his eyes, forgetting for once his cane and utensils, and following eagerly after. He thought he had finally found his one true love, Phoebe. In desperation to follow her and finally get her to come back home, Henry jumps to his death and to his Phoebe. You could think of thi s story with a tragic ending; a man who jumped off a cliff chasing after nothing but a dark shadow in the middle of the night. I think of this story as a love story; a man who had searched for his long lost love for seven straight years and he finally found her, through death. This work includes several of the same ideas of that of Realism; however, the main theories behind both of them differ completely. The Lost Phoebe includes many Romantic, Gothic ideations with a sense of Realism; the idea that creates Naturalism. In The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the author is reaching out through a real life scenario to make a change within a community and within peoples lives, a principle of Realism. It includes ordinary characters, familiar language, and a realistic point of view. In The Lost Phoebe, the meaning is much deeper. A man in search for his true love, but in all actuality, he never finds her. They learned to live in peace with the lesser things in life. Naturalism incorporated the same ideas as Realism just in a deeper and darker way.

Information Technology Ethics Essay

Definitions -the right to be alone – the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by people. (Justice Louis Brandeis, Olmstead v. US, 1928) -the right of individuals to control the collection and use of information about themselves. Legal Aspects Protection from unreasonable intrusion upon one’s isolation. Protection from appropriation of one’s name or likeness.  Protection from unreasonable publicity given to one’s private. Protection from publicity that unreasonably places one in a false light before the public. RECENT HISTORY OF PRIVACY PROTECTION Communication Act of 1934 -it restricted the government’s ability to secretly intercept communications. However, under a 1968 federal statute, law enforcement officers can use wiretapping if they first obtain a court order. Wiretapping – the interception of telephone or telegraph communications for purpose of espionage or surveillance. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) – (passed -1966, amended-1974) provides the public with the means to gain access to certain government records such as the spending patterns of an agency, the agency’s policies and the reasoning behind them, and the agency’s mission and goals. Fair Credit Reporting Act (1970) – this act regulates the operations of credit-reporting bureaus, including how they collect, store, and use credit information. – it is designed to promote accuracy, fairness, and privacy of information in the files of credit reporting companies and to check verification systems that gather and sell information about people. Privacy Act (1974) – declares that no agency of the U.S. government can conceal the existence of any personal data record-keeping system, and that any agency that maintains such a system, must publicly describe both the kind of information in it and the manner in which the information will be used. – the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the law enforcement agencies are excluded from this act. – the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) â€Å"Fair Information Practices† are often held up as a model of ethical treatment of consumer data for organization to adopt. Summary of the 1980 OECD privacy guidelines Principle Guideline Collection limitation Limit the collection of personal data. All such data must be obtained lawfully and fairly with the subject’s consent and knowledge. Data Quality Personal data should be accurate, complete, current and relevant to the purpose for which it is used. Purpose Specification The purpose for which personal data is collected should be should be specified and should not be changed. Use Limitation Personal data should not be used beyond the specified purpose without a persons consent or by authority of law. Security Safeguards Personal data should be protected against unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. Openness principle Data policies should exist and a â€Å"data controller† should be identified. Individual participation People should have the right to review their data, to challenge its correctness, and to have incorrect data changed. Accountability A â€Å"data controller† should be responsible for ensuring that the above principles are met. Children’s Online Protect Act (COPA)(1998) – The law states that a website that caters to children must offer comprehensive privacy policies, notify their parents or guardians about its data collection practices, and receive parental consent before collecting any personal information from children under 13 years of age. European Company Directives 95/46/EC (1998) – requires any company that does business within the borders of 15 Western European nations to implement a set of privacy directives on fair and appropriate use of information. Summary of the European Data Privacy Principle Notice Tell all customer what is done with their information. Choice Give customer a way to opt out of marketing. Onward Transfer Ensure that suppliers comply with the privacy policy. Access Give customer access to their information. Security Protect customer information from unauthorized access. Data Integrity Ensure that information are accurate and relevant. Enforcement Independently enforce the privacy policy. Better Business Bureau Online (BBB Online) and TRUSTe – independent, nonprofit initiatives that favor an industry-regulated approach to data privacy which concerned about the government regulation that could have a negative impact on the Internet’s use and growth, and that such regulation would be costly to implement and difficult to change. The BBB Online Seal adheres that the website has a high level of data privacy. The seal program identifies online businesses that honor their own stated privacy policy. The TRUSTe’s main rule is that websites should openly communicate what information it gathers, its use, to whom it will be shared, and does the consumer has a choice of opting out. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1998) -this act required all financial-services institutions to communicate their data privacy policies and honor customer data-gathering preferences by July 1, 2001. This was to make them take actions to protect and secure customers’ nonpublic data from unauthorized access or use. KEY PRIVACY AND ANONYMITY ISSUES GOVERNMENTAL ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE Federal Wiretap Act (U.S. Code Title 18 Part 1, Chapter 119, Wire and Electronic Communications Interception and Interception of Oral Communications) – it requires processes to obtain court authorization for surveillance of all kinds of electronic communications, including e-mail, fax, internet, and voice, in criminal investigation. A court order must be issued based on probable cause before a wiretap can commence. roving tap – government authority to obtain a court order that does not name a specific telephone or e-mail, but allows them to tap any phone lines or internet accounts that the suspect uses. Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA, U.S Code Title 18, part 2, Chapter 206) – standards for access to stored e-mail and other electronic communications and records. ECPA amended Title III (Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968) – extended the title III’s prohibitions against the unauthorized interception (use of person’s oral or electronic communications). -this act failed to address emerging technologies such as wireless modems, cellular, data networks, etc. thus, this communication can still be legally intercepted. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) – allows wiretapping of aliens and citizens in the U.S. based on a finding of probable cause that the target is a member of a foreign terrorist group or an agent of a foreign power. Executive Order 123333 (U.S. Pres. Reagan, 1982) – legal authority for electronic surveillance outside the U.S. It permits intelligence agencies to intercept communications outside the U.S. without a court order. Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994) – it covers radio-based data communication. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required providers of Internet phone and broadband services to ensure that their equipment can allow police wiretaps. USA Patriot Act of 2001 – Gives sweeping new powers to Domestic law enforcement and International intelligence agencies. It contains several sunsets that gives the government much more surveillance capability. Sunset provisions – can terminates itself or portions after a specific date unless further actions is taken to extend the law DATA ENCRYPTION Cryptography – the science of encoding messages so that only the sender and the intended receiver can understand them. Encryption – the process of converting an electronic message into a form that can be understood only by the intended recipients. Public key encryption system uses two keys Message receiver’s public key – readily available Message receiver’s private key – kept secret Private key encryption system Single key to encode and decode messages RSA (named after Rivest, Shamir and Adleman) – is a public key encryption algorithm, the basis for much of the security that protects Web consumers and merchants. PGP ( Pretty Good Privacy) – uses 128 bit encryption that represents a total of 2128 . DES (Digital Encryption Standard) – the standard for encryption, it employs a 56 bit key that represents 7.2Ãâ€"1016 . (It can now be crack using brute methods) AES (Advanced Encryption Standards) – requires crackers to try as many as 1.1Ãâ€"1077 combinations. IDENTITY THEFT – occurs when someone steals key pieces of personal information to gain access to a person’s financial accounts. – fastest growing form of fraud in the United States. Phishing – is an attempt to steal personal identity data by tricking users into entering the information on a counterfeit Website. Spear-phishing – is a variation in which employees are sent phony emails that look like they came from high-level executives within their organization. Spyware – is a term for keystroke-logging software that is downloaded to users computer without adequate notice, consent, or control for the user. It creates a record of keystrokes entered into the computer with or without internet and will send to the email of the spy when internet connections are available. Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 – the congress passed this act to fight identity fraud, making it a federal felony punishable by a prison sentence of 3 -25 years. – researchers estimated that 1 of 700 identity crimes were led to conviction. CONSUMER PROFILING – Companies openly collect personal information about Internet users. They also obtain information without users permission through the use of cookies. – marketing firms uses this information in building databases that contains consumer behavioral data. They want to know about who the users are, what they like, how they behave, and what motives them to buy. Cookies – a text file that a website puts on your hard drive so that it can remember your information later on. Affiliated Websites – is a group or collection of websites served by a single advertising network. 3 Types of Data Gathered POST – it is entered into a blank fields on an affiliated website when a consumer signs up for a service. GET – it reveals what the consumer requested product in a specific store. Click-Stream Data – it is the tracking of the information the user sought and viewed. 4 Ways to Limit/Stop deposit Cookies Set browsers to limit or stop cookies or browse the web using the incognito browsing mode which will remove all marks of your browsing. Manually delete cookies in your hard drives. Download and install cookie management program. Or use anonymous proxy websites to browse websites. However, some websites lock users to browse in their page when cookie is disabled. Personalization software – it is used by marketers to optimize the number, frequency and mixture of their ad placements. It is also used to evaluate how visitors react to new ads. Types of Personalization Software Rule-based – used business rules that are tied to customer provided preferences or online behaviors to determine the most appropriate page views and product information to display. Collaborative Filtering – offers consumer recommendations based on the types of product purchased by other people with similar buying habits. Types of Personalization Software (Continued) Demographic Filtering – it augments click stream data and user supplied data with demographics information associated with user zip codes to make product suggestions. Contextual Commerce – associates product promotions and other e-commerce offerings with specific content a user may receive in a new story online. Platforms for Privacy Preferences (P3P) – shields users from site that don’t provide the level of privacy protection  they desire. Instead of forcing users to find and read through the privacy policy for each site they visit, P3P software in the computers browser will download the privacy policy for each site, scan it and notify users if the policy does not match their preferences. The World Wide Web Consortium, an international privacy group whose members include Apple, Commerce One, Ericsson, and Microsoft, created P3P and is supporting its development. TREATING CONSUMERS DATA RESPONSIBILITY -Strong measures are required to avoid customer relationship problems. Code of Fair Information Practices – most widely accepted approach to treating consumers data responsibly. Guidelines of Code of Fair Information Practices and the 1980 OECD an organizations collects only personal information that is necessary to deliver its product and services. Company ensures that the information is carefully protected and accessible only by those with a need to know, and that consumers can review their own data and make corrections. Company informs customers if it intends to use it’s information for research or marketing, and it provides a means for them to opt out. Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) – executive to oversee data privacy policies and initiatives. Duties of CPO Avoid government regulations and reassure customers that their privacy will be protected. Stop or modify major company marketing initiatives. Training employees about privacy and checking the companies privacy policy for potential risks. Figuring out if gaps exist and how to fill them. Developing and managing a process for customer privacy disputes. WORKPLACE MONITORING Employers monitor workers – Ensures that corporate IT usage policy is followed Fourth Amendment cannot be used to limit how a private employer treats its employees. – Public-sector employees have far greater privacy rights than in the private industry. Privacy advocates want federal legislation – To keeps employers from infringing upon privacy rights of employees. SPAMMING – the transmission of the same email message to a large number of people. Spammers target individual users with direct email messages, building their mail list by scanning Usenet postings, buying mail lists or searching the web for addresses. – extremely inexpensive method of marketing. – used by many legitimate organizations. – can contain unwanted and objectionable materials. Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing(CAN-SPAM)  the act says it is legal to spam provided that the message meet a few basic requirements: (1) spammers cannot disguise identity, (2) there must be a label in the message specifying that it is an ad or solicitation, and (3) include a way that the recipient can stop the receiving of spam. The act failed to slow the flow of spam but instead, it actually increased the flow of spam by legalizing it. ADVANCED SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY Advanced surveillance technology provide a new data gathering capabilities, however, these advance can also diminish individuals privacy. Advocates of the technology argue that people have no legitimate expectations of privacy in a public place. Camera Surveillance – is one of the most common advanced system used in surveillance nowadays. It has the capability to record events, detecting unusual behaviour, automatically capturing important events, and used in monitoring day to day events in different places. Facial Recognition Software There have been numerous experiments with facial recognition software to help identify criminal suspects and other undesirable characters. It has been first tested by the Rampart Division of the Los Angeles Police Department and yielded a result. Global Positioning System (GPS) These are chips placed in different devices to monitor locations of the  users. It is useful in locating callers of 911, parents monitoring their children, etc.

Othello’s Tragedy

Marlene Romo Professor Williams English 1B 4 December, 2011 Othello’s Tragic Fall According to Aristotle, a tragedy must include the downfall of the tragic hero brought upon by his hamartia, in other words his weakness or flaw. It must also be comprised of the hero’s peripetia, where when he once had it all, it is now all lost. After the peripetia, the anagnorises follows; this is where the hero attributes his downfall to his weakness or flaw. The hero must be noble both in birth as well as in stature and according to Aristotle in the end of the play the audience must experience catharsis by encountering feelings of pity and fear.Even though Shakespeare’s Othello does include most of the requirements of an Aristotelian Tragedy it lacks a few elements, such as a hamartia and an anagnorises as well as catharsis. Othello’s downfall is not brought upon himself instead Iago’s manipulation is the cause, therefore the play does not fulfill Aristotleâ€℠¢s standards of a Tragedy. Although the audience fails to experience catharsis at the end of the play, Othello does help the audience come to the realization that cruel and manipulative people such as Iago exist in today’s society.While those who consider Othello to be a tragedy might argue that Othello’s hamartia is being naive, others may attribute Desdemona’s death to Iago’s manipulation of Othello. The fact that Iago was able to manipulate not only Othello but Roderigo, Cassio, Emilia and even Desdemona proves that he is extremely persuasive and thus Iago can be held accountable for Desdemona’s death. Since it is Iago who influences Othello into killing Desdemona that means Othello does not have a hamartia but instead confirms that Iago is very manipulative.Iago slowly but skillfully begins to implant doubt into Othello, for example when they see Cassio walking out of Desdemona’s room: Iago: Ha! I like not that. Othello: What dost thou s ay? Iago: Nothing, my lord: or if—I know not what. Othello: Was not that Cassio parted from my wife Iago: Cassio, my lord! No, sure, I cannot think it, That he would steal away so guilty-like,   Seeing you coming. Othello: I do believe 'twas he. (III. iii. 35-42) Iago makes Othello believe Desdemona is being unfaithful to him with Cassio, because he is constantly suggesting this.After some time Othello begins to believe every word Iago tells him and eventually ends up doubting his wife’s fidelity which results in her death. Desdemona dies and Othello finds himself losing everything but it is not due to hamartia it is due to Iago’s cruel manipulation of the mind. Othello listens to everything Iago says to him and believes it to be true for example when Iago says to Othello â€Å"But he that filches from me my good name and makes me poor indeed. Robs me of that which not enriches him† (III. iii 72-74) Here one can be a witness to Iago’s master mani pulation.Iago is saying: Othello, Cassio is robbing you of your reputation and that is immoral not only because he wants you to lose your respect and is only doing this to hurt you, but because he will not receive any personal gain and yet is still determined to go through with it . Iago does this throughout most of the play, he instills ideas into Othello’s mind and does it with the intention of hurting him, therefore Othello does not have a tragic flaw that causes his downfall but instead Iago is the one who brings Othello down with his manipulation.Since Othello does not have a hamartia anagnorises does not take place. Othello’s downfall is attributed to Iago’s manipulation not to Othello’s flaw. Even though it is Othello who suffocates Desdemona to death, this would never have happened if it weren’t for Iago’s manipulation. Othello cannot help but feel partially responsible for the death of Desdemona but he is aware of Iago’s crue l influence on him. When Othello has killed Desdemona and Emilia explains to him the way Iago got a hold of the handkerchief Othello says â€Å"Are there no stones in heaven But what serves for the thunder? Precious villain! † (V. ii. 241-242). Here Othello is finally able to see Iago as the villain that he is, and he asks heaven why it will not strike him dead. Othello never feels fully responsible for Desdemona’s death, he knows he is partially to blame but he also recognizes Iago as a villain so therefore anagnorises does not take place. Othello is not the only one who views Iago as a villain after Emilia’s confession so does Lodovico and the rest.After Iago is brought to the room as a prisoner Lodovico says to Othello: â€Å"O thou Othello, that was once so good, Fall’n in the practice of a cursed slave† (V, ii, 300-301). Lodovico is aware that Othello’s drastic change was brought upon by Iago’s evil manipulation and attributes De sdemona’s death to him. Everyone in the room realizes that Iago was not the â€Å"honest†( V. ii. 161) person they believed him to be, not only did they now realize he was a villain but they also became aware of all the people he manipulated, such as Othello, Roderigo, Cassio, Desdemona, and Emilia.Despite the fact that catharsis does not take place, the audience does experience fear toward the end of the play. The audience experiences fear because they become aware of the existence of men like that of Iago, in society. Dramatic irony is what allows the audience to witness Iago’s malicious plans. Iago is pure evil and unlike the characters in the play the audience is aware of this throughout the play. As the play progresses the audience gradually becomes more and more aware of Iago’s cruelty.The audience cannot help but come to the realization that men like Iago do exist in the real world. Marvin Rosenberg, Shakespearean scholar and a UC Berkeley professo r points this out in his essay, when speaking of Iago he says â€Å"he evokes our fear, because we know that wicked men do exist† (Rosenberg157). Rosenberg states that the audience fears to encounter people like Iago because he seemed so trustworthy and yet he was able to manipulate everyone he wanted to and was almost able to get away with murder.Rosenberg argues in his essay titled â€Å"In Defense of Iago† that Shakespeare’s purpose in writing this play was to enlighten the audience in the ways of thinking of a mischievous man. Rosenberg believes that Shakespeare wanted the audience to know how an evil man’s â€Å"twisted emotions work† (Rosenberg 157). Even though the audience fails to experience catharsis, good comes from the play because now the audience has been exposed to the evil of man and can go about living life without being too naive. Shakespeare’s Othello is not a tragedy under Aristotle’s standards.First of all Othello does not have a hamartia. Secondly, it is because he does not have a hamartia that he does not experience anagnorises. And lastly the audience does not experience catharsis. Othello cannot be considered a tragedy under Aristotle’s conditions but despite this, the play if effective when it comes to opening the eyes of the audience to the existence of people like Iago. After being exposed to the play the audience is now more capable of distinguishing an honorable person from a dishonest one.Once the audience becomes aware of the malicious acts of Iago they will question the motives of others and this will help them separate the truly honest people from those who are strategically manipulative. Works Cited Crowther, John, ed. â€Å"No Fear Othello. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"In Defense of Iago. † Shakespeare Quarterly 6. 2 (1955): 145-158. Jstor. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. Shakespeare, William Othello,the Moor of V enice. Literature:An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th Compact e. New York: Longman, 2010. 912-1012. Print.

Employers Favor State Schools for Hires †But Ivy League is Still the Best Pick

Employers Favor State Schools for Hires – But Ivy League is Still the Best Pick As the owner of a company that coaches students on their college applications to Ivy League and other elite liberal arts schools, I was disconcerted to read a Wall Street Journal study finding that the largest public and private companies, nonprofits and government agencies favor graduates who did not attend Ivy League Colleges.   In fact, Cornell University is the only Ivy League school that ranked in the top 25.   The top picks?   Pennsylvania State University, Texas AM University, and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Despite this apparent problem for my business, I thought it fair to share the article with my readers.   And thankfully, upon further thought, I realized that it is not a problem at all.   Here’s why: If you think you will go on to obtain a graduate degree, this report does not apply.   It did not provide any information about how many Ivy League graduates go on to graduate school, or what the rates of employment are for Ivy League graduates with advanced degrees.   And we know from PayScale.com that â€Å"the typical Ivy League bachelor’s graduate earns about 27 percent more early in their career, and about 47 percent more by the time he or she is about 40, than the typical bachelor’s graduate from all   U.S. schools.† How can we reconcile these apparently contradictory pieces of information? What I make of all this is that if you don’t plan on going to graduate school, it might behoove you to attend a state school or other school on the Wall Street Journal’s list.   If law, medical, business or other graduate school is in your future, Ivy League is still the way to go.   And although I don’t have a report to back it up, I believe many Ivy-bound high school graduates have no intention of calling four years a complete education. What do you think?   Will this information affect where you or your son or daughter applies to college? For the full Wall Street Journal article go to Employers Favor State Schools for Hires. Also see Penn State Tops Recruiter Rankings. And if Ivy League or top liberal arts schools are still in your or your child’s future, call The Essay Expert at 608-467-0067 or visit our College Essay Services page.

Jean Val Jeans Influences †Les Miserbles

Jean Val Jeans Influences – Les Miserbles Free Online Research Papers Jean Val Jean greatly influenced everyone he came across. He influenced Fantine to repent her sins and stop her line of work. He helped her try to get her daughter back and gave her a place to stay and eat even though she had a daughter out of wedlock. In addition, he influenced the prisoners to try to change how they act by telling his real name to save that simple man from death. He influenced them by showing them how he changed his life around. Javert was a coldhearted, unkind, and selfish man and Jean Val Jean influenced him to put his own selfishness aside and forgive people for things they have done in the past if they have changed their way of life. Jean Val Jean influenced Cozzette by taking her in and being kind and gentle towards her. So she grew up to be gentle and kind also and she shows this by her giving food to the poor and being nice to everyone not just people of her social class. He also influenced the republics because Jean Val Jean told them not to give up. At what point he even started helping them in the battle to fight for what they believed and try to make things fair. He influenced the poor to help other people by helping them and giving them food and clothes. He influenced the inspector’s assistant by showing him how helpful and kind he was to anybody and that you can be forgiven. The inspectors assistant showed this by letting Jean Val Jean go and get Cozzette before the inspector arrested him. Jean Val Jean influenced many people. Theses are just a few of those people. He was a forgiving, caring, helpful, unselfish man and his actions showed people to be the same way. His acts of kindness were witnessed by everyone that is why Jean Val Jean was considered such a great man and a great influence on everyone. Research Papers on Jean Val Jean’s Influences - Les MiserblesQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind Travel

World Map of CO2 Emissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

World Map of CO2 Emissions - Essay Example United States of America ranked first then with average emissions of 19.54 metric tones/capita followed by Canada, Russia, and the UK. Developing countries like India and China lagged at the tail end then.   The Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded among other things that â€Å"warming of the climate system is unequivocal† and that â€Å"anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has likely had discernible influence at the global scale on observed changes in many physical and biological systems.† The report also stated that human activities have a significant impact on climate change.   The Gross Domestic Product is one of the primary indicators calculated to assess the health of a country’s economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period. According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita.   There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. Those views supporting it emphasize that the curve exists through it is becoming smaller in nature and shifting to the left(revised EKC) whereas those criticizing it argues that even if certain pollutants are reduced as income increases, industrial society continuously creates new, unregulated and potentially toxic pollutants.

Issues in Internet Sales Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Issues in Internet Sales Law - Essay Example ld there be a contract and the case goes before the courts, according to the freedom on contract set forth in article 6 will not only enforce it but also to specific trade terms commonly used in international commercial transactions, such as Incoterms. (Butler, 2007) However in the absence of an agreement the CSIG provides for the passing of risk from the seller to the buyer with reference to the price ask or payment of the goods, due to loss or damage, as set forth in Part III Chapter IV: Passing or Risk, Articles 66-70 (Butler, 2007). Should Pretel contemplated not going to court, her lawyer would advise her otherwise because according to Butler (2007), Article 66 states; â€Å"Loss of damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act of omission of the seller.† For the most part according to Steingold (2005), the same legal rules apply when one does business online as when one sells brick and mortar to a customer or by mail (Steingold F.S., 2005). This is possible the attorney went on to say, as long as the federal and state statutes and regulations are not violated. However, a look at the condition of sale on Cheryl’s website as well as the condition British received the goods, will set the stage for the arguments and case studies to be mentioned. Cheryl’s website advertised to prospective sellers read, â€Å"all our toys are boxed in good condition for their age.† It went on further to inform that, â€Å"all goods are sold as seen and although we will wrap up goods, we cannot be held responsible for any loss in transit.† After winning the auction for Death Star and Tie Fighter, the toys arrived damaged and in badly battered packaging at Pritesh address, and promptly requested a refund. The case comes to life because the seller, Cheryl, refused to honor the request for a refund, saying that the risk had rest with the buyer. It seemed that Cheryl

Business Process Outsourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Process Outsourcing - Assignment Example However, this definition of service is redefined by the new world system with the proliferation of business process outsourcing, which allows the separate production and consumption of services. The emergence of business process outsourcing can be best understood by employing a PEST analysis, which looks at the important aspects of the society that includes political, economic, social, and technological. The political sector has created a favorable arena in which business process outsourcing can proliferate. Policies which help promote globalization are instituted facilitating the elimination the geographical boundaries among nations and easing the exchange of products, capital, and services. The economy is evolving into a single global village which allows the free flow of goods and services by the elimination of trade barriers. Labor intensive products and services are channeled to developing economies where labor is relatively cheaper. In terms of social aspects, it is visible that there has been a wide social acceptance of foreign culture which allows the acquisition of foreign language especially English. Technological advancement specifically created a way to easily t ransfer data across geographical boundaries. A European based insurance company which opts to utilise Indian firm for its data processing and call handling gains benefits through: productivity improvements; access to expertise; operational cost control; cost savings; improved accountability; improved human resource; and the opportunity to focus on core business. However, business process outsourcing runs the risk of loosing managerial control, threatens security and confidentiality, and lowers the flexibility of the service consumer to react to the changes and trends in the business environment. Business process outsourcing is considered as a sunshine industry in India. Business process outsourcing generates jobs in the economy, brings in large revenues, and aids in economic development. However, the Indian economy should also recognise the risk associated in allowing foreign firms utilise their labor force. Business process outsourcing is hasardous to workers as they need to cope with the significant time difference in between their location and the location of the service consumer. II. Introduction According to Kotler (2002), service is "any activity which or benefit that one party can offer to another which is essentially intangible and does not result in ownership of anything." In comparison to goods which are produced by manufacturers, service is characterised by four distinct characteristics which are not present in tangible goods: inseparability, which signifies that the provider and the consumer of the service should be in the same location; intangibility, which implies that the service cannot be fully assessed using the senses; variability, which recognises that the quality of the services is not consistent using different customers' perception; and perishability, which implies the inability to store services (Palmer 2004). However, service has been redefined by the current global economy. A closer look at how large business organisations undertake their day-to-day operations reveals that services are now separable. The growing globalisation ushered a new trend called business

Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Essay There are quite a few differences in which the knowledge theory in different professional settings such as educational, human resources, service, etc. can be manifested. This human resource outline will incorporate three major contextual levels, with the first level addressing knowledge theory themes, the second relating aspects of that theme, and the third denoting the organizations to which they apply. According to the theory of knowledge that was introduced by Kant, it is a product of doubt and this theory helps us to distinguish right from wrong after examining the things that can be trusted and ones that cannot be trusted. Differentiating data and inferences is something debatable and the philosophers believe that this distinction is illusory and that all knowledge can either be immediate and derivative. (Theory of Knowledge. info, n. d. ). Definition of knowledge The way that we should use in order to impart knowledge is important. For this, we have to make the other person belief that knowledge is true, furthermore the words that we use to impart that information play a very vital role. The behavior of the people in the work settings can then be judged after which they analyze the truth in the logic and it should not be vague, however people in different work settings might react in a different manner. Data Data is basically raw information and knowledge can be a characteristic of behavior that can be mental or physical. Methods of Inference The important forms of inference for theory of knowledge are those in which we infer the existence of something having certain characteristics from the existence of something having certain other characteristics, furthermore there is a probability if the knowledge might be true or false as well as limitation of variety. We acquire knowledge from our surroundings, our past experiences, our perceptions about certain things, etc. Our understanding is also affected by how we take the things. One of the problems that occurs due to the theory of knowledge is what knowledge is or what it comes from or is there any such thing actually present or not, therefore this fact is somehow true that different professional settings have different theories of knowledge. Educational Setting The knowledge theory theme in the educational setting would have the basic need to impart knowledge to the people who come to seek education. People educate themselves for the sole motive of seeking more information and knowledge so that they can develop a core competency over the others. Examples of such a setting can be any school, college or university. Other than a formal educational institute, people also learn a lot at their work especially in the learning organizations. (Christner, Freeman Mennuti, 2005). Human Resource Setting The duty of the leader is to make innovation and the leader must know all the basic requirements of being an HR manager. He should have the skills of hiring and selecting new candidates after which he must evaluate which ones to select and these which ones to train once they are selected. Just like the strategy that is adopted by Wal-Mart does i. e. selecting the right candidate for the right position is one of the essential needs of an organization and after the selection; the leaders should encourage their juniors to suggest ideas that could lead to creativity and innovation. Furthermore, it is essential for the organization to reward its employees and to support along with proper amalgamation. This will ensure that the processes are applied to the organizations. This is because an organization is big or small; they need an HR department to manage their human resources well. Evans, 2003). Service Setting In the service sector, knowledge is the main thing on which these types of work setting exist. Services are intangible in nature and so they cannot be seen or touched, however they can be felt and the customer can measure the performance of a service by determining how much satisfied he is with the services that were being rendered to him. The US economy is mostly based on the services. Most of the US citizens work in the service sector. Examples can include doctors, consultants and teachers, etc. Conclusion While comparing the differences of how knowledge theory is manifested in educational, human resources, service settings, it is thus clear that all three require different theories and knowledge to operate. Educational setting enables us to examine how knowledge can be applied in an organization and this can be done by using knowledge management techniques that help in better decision making and better way of communication that leads to enhancement. Human resource setting is basically how to manage the human skills while service setting is about the ambience and physical environment in which a service occurs and is also called services cape.